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Attachment disorder is a broad term intended to describe disorders of mood, behavior, and social relationships arising from a failure to form normal attachments to primary care giving figures in early childhood. Such a failure would result from unusual early experiences of neglect, abuse, abrupt separation from caregivers between 6 months and three years of age, frequent change or excessive numbers of caregivers, or lack of caregiver responsiveness to child communicative efforts resulting in a lack of basic trust.〔Fonagy, Peter. ''Attachment Theory and Psychoanalysis''. Other Professional, 2010. Print.〕 A problematic history of social relationships occurring after about age three may be distressing to a child, but does not result in attachment disorder. The term attachment disorder is most often used to describe emotional and behavioral problems of young children, but is sometimes applied to school-age children or even to adults. The specific difficulties implied depend on the age of the individual being assessed, and a child's attachment-related behaviors may be very different with one familiar adult than with another, suggesting that the disorder is within the relationship and interactions of the two people rather than an aspect of one or the other personality.〔Zeanah, 2005〕 No list of symptoms can legitimately be presented but generally the term attachment disorder refers to the absence or distortion of age appropriate social behaviors with adults. For example, in a toddler, attachment-disordered behavior could include a failure to stay near familiar adults in a strange environment or to be comforted by contact with a familiar person, whereas in a six-year-old attachment-disordered behavior might involve excessive friendliness and inappropriate approaches to strangers. There are currently two main areas of theory and practice relating to the definition and diagnosis of attachment disorder, and considerable discussion about a broader definition altogether. The first main area is based on scientific enquiry, is found in academic journals and books and pays close attention to attachment theory. It is described in ICD-10 as reactive attachment disorder, or "RAD" for the inhibited form, and disinhibited attachment disorder, or "DAD" for the disinhibited form. In DSM-IV-TR both comparable inhibited and disinhibited types are called reactive attachment disorder or "RAD".〔Chaffin et al. (2006) p78〕 The second area is controversial and considered pseudoscientific. It is found in clinical practice, on websites and in books and publications, but has little or no evidence base. It makes controversial claims relating to a basis in attachment theory.〔Prior & Glaser p 183〕 The use of these controversial diagnoses of attachment disorder is linked to the use of pseudoscientific attachment therapies to treat them.〔〔 Some authors have suggested that attachment, as an aspect of emotional development, is better assessed along a spectrum than considered to fall into two non-overlapping categories. This spectrum would have at one end the characteristics called secure attachment; midway along the range of disturbance would be insecure or other undesirable attachment styles; at the other extreme would be non-attachment.〔O'Connor & Zeanah, (2003)〕 Agreement has not yet been reached with respect to diagnostic criteria.〔Chaffin et al. p. (2006)〕 Finally, the term is also sometimes used to cover difficulties arising in relation to various attachment styles which may not be disorders in the clinical sense. ==''Attachment'' and ''attachment disorder''== Attachment theory is primarily an evolutionary and ethological theory. In relation to infants, it primarily consists of ''proximity seeking'' to an ''attachment figure'' in the face of threat, for the purpose of survival.〔Bowlby (1970) p 181〕 Although an attachment is a "tie," it is not synonymous with love and affection, despite their often going together and a healthy attachment is considered to be an important foundation of all subsequent relationships. Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with the infant, and who remain as consistent caregivers for some time. Parental responses lead to the development of patterns of attachment which in turn lead to 'internal working models' which will guide the individual's feelings, thoughts and expectations in later relationships.〔Bretherton & Munholland (1999) p 89〕 A fundamental aspect of attachment is called ''basic trust''. Basic trust is a broader concept than attachment in that it extends beyond the infant-caregiver relationship to "...the wider social network of trustable and caring others."〔Newman, Barbara M., and Philip R. Newman. ''Development through Life: A Psychosocial Approach''. 12th ed. Stamford: Cenage Learning, 2015. 177. Print. ISBN 9781285459967〕 and "...links confidence about the past with faith about the future."〔 "Erikson argues that the sense of trust in oneself and others is the foundation of human development"〔Kail, Robert V., and John C. Cavanaugh. ''Human Development: A Life-span View''. 5th ed. Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010. 168. Print.〕 and with a balance of mistrust produces hope. In the clinical sense, a disorder is a condition requiring treatment as opposed to risk factors for subsequent disorders.〔AACAP 2005, p1208〕 There is a lack of consensus about the precise meaning of the term 'attachment disorder' although there is general agreement that such disorders only arise following early adverse caregiving experiences. Reactive attachment disorder indicates the absence of either or both the main aspects of ''proximity seeking'' to an identified ''attachment figure''. This can occur either in institutions, or with repeated changes of caregiver, or from extremely neglectful primary caregivers who show persistent disregard for the child's basic attachment needs after the age of 6 months. Current official classifications of RAD under DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 are largely based on this understanding of the nature of attachment. The words ''attachment style'' or ''pattern'' refer to the various types of attachment arising from early care experiences, called ''secure'', ''anxious-ambivalent'', ''anxious-avoidant'', (all organized), and ''disorganized''. Some of these styles are more problematic than others, and, although they are not disorders in the clinical sense, are sometimes discussed under the term 'attachment disorder'. Discussion of the disorganized attachment style sometimes includes this style under the rubric of attachment disorders because disorganized attachment is seen as the beginning of a developmental trajectory that will take the individual ever further from the normal range, culminating in actual disorders of thought, behavior, or mood.〔Levy K.N. et al. (2005)〕 Early intervention for disorganized attachment, or other problematic styles, is directed toward changing the trajectory of development to provide a better outcome later in the person's life. Zeanah and colleagues proposed an alternative set of criteria (see below) of three categories of attachment disorder, namely "no discriminated attachment figure", "secure base distortions" and "disrupted attachment disorder". These classifications consider that a disorder is a variation that requires treatment rather than an individual difference within the normal range.〔Prior & Glaser (2006) p 223〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Attachment disorder」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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